ON
THE ORIGIN OF SPECIES
BY MEANS OF NATURAL SELECTION
OR THE
PRESERVATION OF FAVOURED RACES IN THE STRUGGLE FOR LIFE.
BY CHARLES DARWIN, M.A., F.R.S., &c.
THIRD EDITION, WITH ADDITIONS AND CORRECTIONS.
SEVENTH THOUSAND.
LONDON: JOHN MURRAY
1861
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BOOK DESCRIPTION: Original green cloth, xix, 538pp, index, single leaf of adverts, as called for, (see photos). Variant “b” binding (without full point after “MURRAY” on the spine). Binder’s ticket, Edmonds and Remnants, on rear paste-down. [ man ref: F 381]
CONDITION: VERY GOOD+. An excellent copy inside and out. The covers have some minimal wear to the corners and head an tail of the spine. There is a small repair to the head of the spine, but the entire book is otherwise totally unrestored and untouched. The gilt is nice and bright with no loss, except a tiny portion of the top line at the head of the spine. The binding is tight and square. The original clay endpapers have started to crack, but they are remarkably clean. The text pages throughout are very clean and bright with no foxing, no browning, no previous names and no ink marks. The paper used in the early editions of the origin is quite thick, so the gatherings tend to show gaps here and there (see photos), but the binding is nonetheless secure. The book is totally complete: original endpapers, the original binder’s ticket, the half-title and the single leaf of adverts, which is part of the last bound section of the book (not a separate section, as is found in other editions. This edition was not issued with a separate lot of adverts). Please e-mail if you would like me to send further photos.
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The third edition of the Origin appeared in April 1861, 2,000 copies being printed. The case is the same as that of the two previous editions, but again differing in small details. It was extensively altered, and is of interest for the addition of a table of differences (see photo) between it and the second edition, a table which occurs in each subsequent edition, and also for the addition of the historical sketch (see photo). This sketch, which was written to satisfy complaints that Darwin had not sufficiently considered his predecessors in the general theory of evolution, had already appeared in a shorter form in the first German edition, as well as in the fourth American printing where it is called a preface; both of these appeared in 1860. Asa Gray wrote to Darwin on Feb. 20 that he had delivered to Appleton “Historical paper”. There is also a postscript on page xii (see close-up photo). This concerns a review of the earlier editions by Asa Gray which had appeared in the Atlantic Monthly in 1860, and as a pamphlet paid for by Darwin, in 1861. This edition has one leaf of advertisements which is part of the book (2A6) (see last photos).
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CONTENTS
ADDITIONS AND CORRECTIONS, TO THE FIFTH EDITION .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Page xi-xiii
HISTORICAL SKETCH .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. xv-xxiii
INTRODUCTION .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 1-6
CHAPTER I.
VARIATION UNDER DOMESTICATION.
Causes of Variability — Effects of Habit — Correlated Variation — Inheritance — Character of Domestic Varieties — Difficulty of distinguishing between Varieties and Species — Origin of Domestic Varieties from one or more Species — Domestic Pigeons, their Differences and Origin — Principles of Selection anciently followed, their Effects — Methodical and Unconscious Selection — Unknown Origin of our Domestic Productions — Circumstances favourable to Man’s power of Selection .. .. .. 7-47
CHAPTER II.
VARIATION UNDER NATURE.
Variability — Individual differences — Doubtful species — Wide-ranging, much-diffused, and common species vary most — Species of the larger genera in each country vary more frequently than the species of the smaller genera — Many of the species of the larger genera resemble varieties in being very closely, but unequally, related to each other, and in having restricted ranges 48-70
CONTENTS.
CHAPTER III.
STRUGGLE FOR EXISTENCE.
Its bearing on natural selection — The term used in a wide sense — Geometrical ratio of increase — Rapid increase of naturalised animals and plants — Nature of the checks to increase — Competition universal — Effects of Climate — Protection from the number of individuals — Complex relations of all animals and plants throughout nature — Struggle for life most severe between individuals and varieties of the same species; often severe between species of the same genus — The relation of organism to organism the most important of all relations .. Page 71-90
CHAPTER IV.
NATURAL SELECTION, OR THE SURVIVAL OF THE FITTEST.
Natural Selection — its power compared with mans selection — its power on characters of trifling importance — its power at all ages and on both sexes — Sexual Selection — On the generality of intercrosses between individuals of the same species — Circumstances favourable and unfavourable to the results of Natural Selection, namely, intercrossing, isolation, number of individuals — Slow ash; Extinction caused by Natural Selection — Divergence of Character, related to the diversity of inhabitants of any small area, and to naturalisation — Action of Natural Selection, through Divergence of Character and Extinction, on the descendants from a common parent — Explains the Grouping of all organic beings — Advance in organisation — Low forms preserved — Objections considered — Uniformity of certain characters due to their unimportance, and to their not having been acted on by Natural Selection — Indefinite multiplication of species — Summary .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 91-164
CHAPTER V.
LAWS OF VARIATION.
Effects of changed conditions — Use and disuse, combined with Natural Selection; organs of flight and of vision — Acclimatisation — Correlated variation — Compensation and economy of
growth — False correlations — Multiple, rudimentary, and lowly organised structures variable — Parts developed in an unusual manner are highly variable: specific characters more variable than generic: secondary sexual characters variable — Species of the same genus vary in an analogous manner — Reversions to long-lost characters — Summary .. .. .. .. Page 165-206
CHAPTER VI.
DIFFICULTIES OF THE THEORY.
Difficulties of the theory of descent with modification — Transitions — Absence or rarity of transitional varieties — Transitions in habits of life — Diversified habits in the same species — Species with habits widely different from those of their allies — Organs of extreme perfection — Modes of transition — Cases of difficulty — Natura non facit saltum — Organs of small importance — Organs not in all cases absolutely perfect — The Law of Unity of Type and of the Conditions of Existence embraced by the theory of Natural Selection .. .. .. .. .. 207-254
CHAPTER VII.
INSTINCT.
Instincts comparable with habits, but different in their origin — Instincts graduated — Aphides and ants — Instincts variable — Domestic instincts, their origin — Natural instincts of the cuckoo, ostrich, and parasitic bees — Slave-making ants — Hive-bee, its cell-making instinct — Changes of instinct and structure not necessarily simultaneous — Difficulties of the theory of the Natural Selection of instincts — Neuter or sterile insects — Summary .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. .. 255-298
CHAPTER VIII.
HYBRIDISM.
Distinction between the sterility of first crosses and of hybrids — Sterility various in degree, not universal, affected by close
interbreeding, removed by domestication — Laws governing the sterility of hybrids — Sterility not a special endowment, but incidental on other differences, not accumulated by natural selection — Causes of the sterility of first crosses and of hybrids — Parallelism between the effects of changed conditions of life and of crossing — Dimorphism and Trimorphism — Fertility of varieties when crossed and of their mongrel offspring not universal — Hybrids and mongrels compared independently of their fertility — Summary .. .. .. .. .. .. Page 299-344
CHAPTER IX.
ON THE IMPERFECTIONS OF THE GEOLOGICAL RECORD.
On the absence of intermediate varieties at the present day — On the nature of extinct intermediate varieties; on their number — On the lapse of time, as inferred from the rate of denudation and of deposition — On the lapse of time as estimated by years — On the poorness of our palæontological collections — On the denudation of granitic areas — On the intermittence of geological formations — On the absence of intermediate varieties in any one formation — On the sudden appearance of groups of species — On their sudden appearance in the lowest known fossiliferous strata — Antiquity of the habitable earth .. .. .. 345-384
CHAPTER X.
ON THE GEOLOGICAL SUCCESSION OF ORGANIC BEINGS.
On the slow and successive appearance of new species — On their different rates of change — Species once lost do not reappear — Groups of species follow the same general rules in their appearance and disappearance as do single species — On Extinction — On simultaneous changes in the forms of life throughout the world — On the affinities of extinct species to each other and to living species — On the state of development of ancient forms — On the succession of the same types within the same areas — Summary of preceding and present chapter .. .. .. 385-421
CHAPTER XI.
GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION.
Present distribution cannot be accounted for by differences in physical conditions — Importance of barriers — Affinity of the productions of the same continent — Centres of creation — Means of disposal, by changes of climate and of the level of the land, and by occasional means — Dispersal during the Glacial period — Alternate Glacial periods in the north and south
Page 422-461
CHAPTER XII.
GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION—continued.
Distribution of fresh-water productions — On the inhabitants of oceanic islands — Absence of Batrachians and of terrestrial Mammals — On the relation of the inhabitants of islands to those of the nearest mainland — On colonisation from the nearest source with subsequent modification — Summary of the last and present chapter .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 462-489
CHAPTER XIII.
MUTUAL AFFINITIES OF ORGANIC BEINGS: MORPHOLOGY: EMBRYOLOGY: RUDIMENTARY ORGANS.
CLASSIFICATION, groups subordinate to groups — Natural system — Rules and difficulties in classification, explained on the theory of descent with modification — Classification of varieties — Descent always used in classification — Analogical or adaptive characters — Affinities, general, complex, and radiating — Extinction separates and defines groups — MORPHOLOGY, between members of the same class, between parts of the same individual — EMBRYOLOGY, laws of, explained by variations not supervening at an early age, and being inherited at a corresponding age — RUDIMENTARY ORGANS; their origin explained — Summary
490-544
CHAPTER XIV.
RECAPITULATION AND CONCLUSION.
Recapitulation of the objections to the theory of Natural Selection — Recapitulation of the general and special circumstances in its favour — Causes of the general belief in the immutability of species — How far the theory of Natural Selection may be extended — Effects of its adoption on the study of Natural History — Concluding remarks .. .. .. .. Page 545-579
INDEX .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 581-596
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